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ÑàÀ I ÅèÃÂíÓÁÜÃǯÎîŠÌ
1. ÀíÌæÀÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ
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2. ÄèÀÀßÑèÈ Tenno
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3. ÀàÌâÓìÜÃÛèÃÅíÃÂàÓäÖÀ
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4. ÂßÌßÖèÈÊßÓíÌÉê
5. ÖßÍíÍÀàÌâÖìÜÀÉ´Ã
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6. ÀîŠÓÉŠàÃåÌÑèÀÀàÌâÓìÜÃ
| 7. ÖßÍíÍÀîŠÓ–ÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌ–Ìá
8. ÅßÑàãØŠÃÆàÈÁÜÃÎßâËÈǯÎîŠÌ
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9. ÅàÌ
7. ÖßÍíÍÀîŠÓ–ÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌ–Ìá
˯ǯÎîŠÌäÈÇ˳×æÎãÖ‹× âÓ²ÜÀŠà×âÊéÖãÀÌ–ÌáÀ¡ÄßÚàÇâÊêÃÖèÈÊßÀÜÌÆ´ÌÅïÃåÌÙŠ×ÇÃàÌÉŠàÃ
ÁÜÃÖèÈÊßÍàÌãÖßÆáÌàÌÀàÌËàÃÀàÌÎíÀÂÜà ( Technoerats ) ˯ÆÜÍâÅÃÑŠàÌÁçÅÜÍÂèÈâÖìÜÀ
ÖèÈÊßÀŠÜÌÖßÈèÍâÜÀÛìÁçÅÜÍÂèÈâÖìÜÀÌèÀÀàÌËïÈ.
Îß×èÈÂ×àÓâÎèÌÓàÁÜÃÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÌÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌÌá
ÖßÍíÍÖèÈÊßÀÜÌÁÜÃǯÎîŠÌÓêÓàãÉŠÍîÝàÌâÓ²Ü ÑèÌÀŠ×àÎê ÖàÆàÅáÌèÀ ÇßÓßäÉß æÈ‹ÌáâÜíàÖß
ÍÜÍÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃÁÜÃÎßâËÈÄêÌ˯ÝÞÀ×Šà “ ÖßÍíÍÖéÈÄìÖÞ× “ ÖßÍíÍÎíÀÂÜÃäÈÇÀíÈâÀÌ
ËàÃÀíÈÚàÇ ÓàåÆ‹ âÓ²Üâ×ÖàÑŠàÌæÎÖßÍÜÍÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ̸ÀçâÖªÓâÎèÌÝïÍÝŠàÃÁºÌ ÑÜ‹ÓƒÀèÌÌ´ÌâÜÃ
ÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌÌáÀçŠÜǃ ÑèÈËßÌàÁºÌÓà äÈÇÅßâÑàßÔŠàÃǯÃåÌÅßæÚŠ âÜßäÈ
( Îê 1615 –- 1867)
ÉßÖÜÈæÖÇßâ×Öà 200 ÎéÀŠ×àâÎèÌÇîÀ˯͋àÌâÓìÜÃÅßÃíÍ ÎßÅßÄàÀâÅéÀÅíÃÂàÓ ÆíÌÆ´ÌÌèÀÖíÍæÈ‹
ÀàÇâÎèÌÏï‹ÍçÖéØàÌÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃãÖßÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀŠÌ–ÌáÀçæÈ‹ÝèÍÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàÔŠàÃâÉèÓÅŠ×Ì
âÓ²ÜâÁ¿àÅïŠÅßæÚ âÓÄé ǯÎîŠÌæȋɲÌÉí×˯ÄßÝèÍâÜíàãÌ×ÂéÈãÖß âËÀäÌäÖÇêÁÜÃÎßâËÈÉà×èÌÉíÀâÁ¿à
ÓàãÖßÑèÈËßÌàÎßâËÈåØ‹âÎèÌãÍÍÅßæÚåÚŠÇŠàÃ׊ÜÃæ× äÈÇÓêÀîŠÓ–ãÀÌÌá âƯÃÓàÄàÀÆíÌÆ´ÌÌèÀ
ÖíÍâÎèÌÀáÖèÃÅáÂèÌ Ñ×ÀâÁíàâÛ³àÌ´ÌæÈ‹ÇìÈâÜíàÖßÍíÍ–ãÀŠÌ–Ìá˯åÆ‹ÔïŠâÈêÓÓàâÎèÌÛèÀ ãÖ‹×ÌáâÜíàÖß
ÍíÍÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃãÍÍÉà×èÌÉíÀÓàÈèÈÅíÓÎßÀÜÍåÆ‹ÔŠàÃÓéÎßÅéÈÉéÏíÌãÖßÇèÃæÈ‹ÀçÉ´ÃÓßØà×éËßÇà
æÖãØŠÃÆàÈ âѲÜÅ‹àÃÍîÀÂàÖàÀÜÌåØ‹ãÀŠ äÈÇÅßâÑàßÓßØàæÖ äÉÀÞ×âƯÃÓê×èÈÊîÎßÅíÃ˯ÄßÅ‹àÃ
ÖèÈÊßÀÜÌÆ´ÌÅïÃåØ‹ÀèÍÙŠ×ÇÃàÌÖèÈÊßÍàÌ ÄßâÎèÌËêÝñ×ÓÁÜÃÌèÀÅìÀÅàâÀŠÃƒ ÄàÀ˳×ÎßâËÈâƯÃ
âÂíàÌíÍËáÌÞÓâƨÌ̸ÇèÃÂíÃâÛìÜ‹àÃãÖßÎàÀíÈÔïŠÄíÌâÊéÃâ˳àËîÀ×èÌ̸ ÎèÈÄîÍèÌÖèÈÊßÀÜÌåÌÙŠ×ÇÃàÌ
ÁÜÃÖèÈÊßÍàÌÅŠ×ÌåØŠÇÄßÄíÍÀàÌÅëÀÅàÄàÀÓßØà×éËßÇàæÖ äÉÀŠÞ×.
Â×àÓÅáâÖÈÁÜÃÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌ–Ìá
âÓ²ÜâܯÇâÊêÃÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌ–ãÀÌ–Ìá͡׊àåÌÎßâËÈåÈÀçÉàÓÓèÀÄßÓêÑàÍÑíÈ˯׊àÍ¡ÓêÂ×àÓÔìÈØíÈ
ÇëÈÉéÈÀèÍÀíÈÖßÍÞÍãÖßâÔèÌÆà ǯÎîŠÌâÜÃÀ¡Í¡ÓêÁ§ÇíÀâ×´ÌÂá˯׊à (ÖßÍíÍãÍÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌá)
ÄßÊìÀåÆ‹åÌÂ×àÚàÇÈÞ×ÀèÍÂá×Šà “âÎèÌÑéËêÝêÌÉÜÔ ãÖß “ ÀàÌÂéÈ˯׊àÉíÌÊìÀÅßâÓê” ãÉŠÖßÍíÍ
ÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌáÁÜÃǯÎîŠÌÀ¡âÎèÌ˯ÇÜÓÝèÍ׊àÓêÎßÅéÈÉêÑàÍÅïà ԊàÃâƨÌæÖÇßÛèÃ̸ǯÎîŠÌÅìÀÅàÀáÖèÃ
âÎèÌ˯ãÑŠÛàÇåÌÚïŠÌèÀ×éÆàÀàÌãÖßÌèÀÙèÃÅìÑêÓÁÜÃÆàÈÉà×èÌÉíÀ ãÖßůÃ˯Ñ×ÀâÁ¿àÄßÉ‹ÜÃÀŠà×âÊêÃ
âÓ²Üâ׿àâÊêÃÂ×àÓâÂÈÖèÍåÌ “ Â×àÓÝîŠÃâÝìÜÃãÖßÀàÌÄßâÖêÌâÉêÍäÉÔŠàÃ×ÜŠÃæ×ÁÜÃǯÎîŠÌ “ À¡Âì ÏíÌ
ÃàÌÁÜà ÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌá ãÖßÖßÍíÍÖèÈÊßÀÜÌ
É¡ÓàÛèÃÎê 1990 âÎèÌÉ¿ÌÓàâÅÈÊßÀéÈÁÜÃǯÎîŠÌâÖêÓÜŠÜÌâÑèÞÉí×Öíà ÊìÀÜàâÓÖéÀàÌáÙ‹àæÎãÖßÇèà Óê
ÀîŠÓÎßâËÈÜàÆêÉàÓÛèÃÓàÔŠàÃÉéȃ âÝèÈåØ‹âÀêÈÓêÅÞÃÝÞÀÝ‹ÜÃåØ‹ÖèÈãÀ‹æÁÖßÍÞÍÏŠÜÌÏèÌÀíÈâÀÌÉŠàÃ
ÀíÈÖßÍÞÍÁÜÃÖèÈȨÃÀŠà×ÊìÀÖßÍî׊àâÎèÌÅàâØÈ˯âÝèÈåØ‹Í¡ÅàÓàÈÅ‹àÃÜîÅàØßÀáãÍÍæÚŠâÀéÈÁºÌÓàæÈ‹
ÌÜÀÄàÀ̸ÇèÃÓêâØÈÀàÌÉŠàà âÀêÈÁºÌÄàÀÀàÌÅáÑèÌÖßØŠ×àÃÌèÀËîÖßÀéÈÀèÍÖèÈÊßÀÜÌãÖßÀàÌ Å§
ÖàÈÍèÃÖèÈ ( ÂçÖèÍƨÌ) âƨÌÀàÌÖ¿ÓÖßÖàÇÁÜÃÍçÖéÅèÈÅéÌâƲÜâÑ²Ü ÜßÅèÃØàÖéÓßÆèÍ â̲ÜÃÄàÀÂ×àÓÏéÈ
ÑàÈåÌÀàÌƸÌáÀàÌÍçÖéØàÌÁÜÃÀßÆ×ÃÀàÌâÃêÌ ãÖßÂ×àÓÅáÑèÌÖßØŠ×àÃâÄ¿àÙ‹à˯ÖßÈèÍÅïÃåÌÀß
Æ×ÃÅàËàÖßÌßÅîÀÀèÍÍçÖéÅèÈÏßÖéÈÔà˯ÌáæÎÅïŠÀàÌÉéÈâÆºÜ âÜÈÁÜÃÂíÌâÄèÍΊ×Ç˯æÈ‹âѸÓâÖìÜÈ âƯÃ
âØÈÀàÌâÛ³à̸ÓêÅàâØÈâ̺ÜÃÄàÀÀàÌåÆ‹ÖßÍÞÍãÖßÜáÌàÈÁÜÃÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÌÃàÌãÀÌÌá.
âÓ²ÜâÁ¿àÅïŠ Îê 1996 ÅÞÃ×éÑàÀ×éÄàÌÉ¡ÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌáÌ´ÌâÑêñÓËß×êÝ‹àÇãÝÃÁºÌ ÄàÀÍèÌØàÏß
ÖéÈÉßÑèÌÔà˯ÓêâÆºÜ äÖÀâÜÈ âÝèÈåØ‹Øí×Ù‹àÑßãÌÀÏï‹ÀŠÞ×Á‹ÜÃåÌÀßÆ×ÃÅàËàÖßÌßÅîÀÊìÀÄèÍÀîÓ
ãÖßÂ×àÓÍ¡ÑçåÄÁÜÃÎßÆàÆíÌ˯ÓêÉ¡ÖßÍíÍÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌáÀçâѯÓÅïÃÁºÌÔŠàÃâÎèÌÎß×èÈÀàÌ ÉÜÌÀàÌ
âÖìÜÀÉ´Ã˳×æÎåÌÎê 1996 ËîÀÑèÀÀàÌâÓìÜÃÉŠàÃÀç¡ÎßÀàÈåØ‹ÅèÌÇà׊àÄßÖíÈÄáÌ×ÌÁÜÃÀßÆ×ÃËßÍ×Ã
˯ÓêåÌæÖÇßÌ´Ì 21 ÀßÆ×ÃåØ‹âÛìÜÑÞÃâ¯Ãٲà ãÖßÇèÃæÈ‹×éÄàÌÁçóâÅèÞÁÜÃÖßÍíÍÀàÌâÓìÜÃåÌæÖÇß˯
ÑŠàÌÓàÌ´Ì׊à ÜáÌàÈÛèÀåÌÀàÌÍçÖéØàÌÎßâËÈÌ´ÌÔïŠË¯ÑßÌèÀÃàÌãÀÌÌáÌ´ÌÈ‹×Ç.
8.ÅßÑàãØŠÃÆàÈÁÜÃÎßâËÈǯÎîŠÌ
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